NOTE: This is the final post in a series; see the introduction for information on requirements and links to other posts in the series.

We've gone in depth on several different aspects of this application and the technologies it uses. Now, let's zoom out and look at some big-picture lessons learned.

What I Liked

Generally speaking, I liked everything. That does not make for a very informative post, though, so here are a few things that worked really well.

Simplification Via htmx

One of the key concepts in a Representational State Transfer (REST) API is that of Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State (HATEOAS). In short, this means that the state of an application is held within the hypermedia that is exchanged between client and server; and, in practice, the server is responsible for altering that state. This is completely different from the JSON API / JavaScript framework model, even if they use GET, POST, PUT, and PATCH properly.

(This is a near over-simplification; the paper that initially proposed these concepts – in much, much more detail – earned its author a doctoral degree.)

The simplicity of this model is great; and, when I say “simplicity,” I am speaking of a lack of complexity, not a naïveté of approach. I was able to remove a large amount of complexity and synchronization from the client/server interactions between myPrayerJournal v2 and v3. State management used to be the most complex part of the application. Now, the most complex part is the HTML rendering; since that is what controls the state, though, this makes sense. I have 25 years of experience writing HTML, and even at its most complex, it simply is not.

LiteDB

This was a very simple application - and, despite its being open for any user with a Google or Microsoft account, I have been the only regular user of the application. LiteDB's setup was easy, implementation was easy, and it performs really well. I suspect this would be the case with many concurrent users. If the application were to grow, and I find that my suspicion was not borne out by reality, I could create a database file per user, and back up the data directory instead of a specific file. As with htmx, the lack of complexity makes the application easily maintainable.

What I Learned

Throughout this entire series of posts, most of the content would fall under this heading. There are a few things that did not fit into those posts, though.

htmx Support in .NET

I developed Giraffe.Htmx as a part of this effort, and mentioned that I became aware of htmx on an episode of .NET Rocks!. The project I developed is very F#-centric, and uses features of the language that are not exposed in C# or VB.NET. However, there are two packages that work with the standard ASP.NET Core paradigm. Htmx provides server-side support for the htmx request and response headers, similar to Giraffe.Htmx, and Htmx.TagHelpers contains tag helpers for use in Razor, similar to what Giraffe.ViewEngine.Htmx does for Giraffe View Engine. Both are written by Khalid Abuhakmeh, a developer advocate at JetBrains (which generously licensed their tools to this project, and produces the best developer font ever).

While I did not use these projects, I did look at the source, and they look good. Open source libraries go from good to great by people using them, then providing constructive feedback (and pull requests, if you are able).

Write about Your Code

Yes, I'm cheating a bit with this one, as it was one of the takeaways from the v1 tour, but it's still true. Writing about your code has several benefits:

• You understand your code more fully.
• Others can see not just the code you wrote, but understand the thought process behind it.
• Readers can provide you feedback. (This may not always seem helpful; regardless of its tone, though, thinking through whether the point of their critique is justified can help you learn.)

And, really, knowledge sharing is what makes the open-source ecosystem work. Closed / proprietary projects have their place, but if you do something interesting, write about it!

What Could Be Better

Dove-tailing from the previous section, writing can also help you think through your code; if you try to explain it, and and have trouble, that should serve as a warning that there are improvements to be had. These are the areas where this project has room to get better.

Deferred Features

There were 2 changes I had originally planned for myPrayerJournal v3 that did not get accomplished. One is a new “pray through the requests” view, with a distraction-free next-card-up presentation. The other is that updating requests sends them to the bottom of the list, even if they have not been marked as prayed; this will require calculating a separate “last prayed” date instead of using the “as of” date from the latest history entry.

The migration introduced a third deferred change. When v1/v2 ran in the browser, the dates and times were displayed in the user's local timezone. With the HTML being generated on the server, though, dates and times are now displayed in UTC. The purpose of the application is to focus the user's attention on their prayer requests, not to make them have to do timezone math in their head! htmx has an hx-headers attribute that specifies headers to pass along with the request; I plan to use a JavaScript call to set a header on the body tag when a full page loads (hx-headers is inherited), then use that timezone to adjust it back to the user's current timezone.

That LiteDB Mapping

I did a good bit of tap-dancing in the LiteDB data model and mapping descriptions, mildly defending the design decisions I had made there. The recurrence should be designed differently, and there should be individual type mappings rather than mapping the entire document. Yes, it worked for my purpose, and this project was more about Vue to htmx than ensuring a complete F#-to-LiteDB mapping of domain types. As I implement the features above, though, I believe I will end up fixing those issues as well.

Thank you for joining me on this tour; I hope it has been enjoyable, and maybe even educational.

NOTE: This is the fourth post in a series; see the introduction for information on requirements and links to other posts in the series.

myPrayerJournal v1 used PostgreSQL with Entity Framework Core for its backing store (which had a stop on the v1 tour). v2 used RavenDB, and while I didn't write a tour of it, you can see the data access logic if you'd like. Let's take a look at the technology we used for v3.

About LiteDB

LiteDB is a single-file, in-process database, similar to SQLite. It uses a document model for its data store, storing Plain Old CLR Objects (POCOs) as Binary JSON (BSON) documents in its file. It supports cross-collection references, customizable mappings, different access modes, and transactions. It allows documents to be queried via LINQ syntax or via its own SQL-like language.

As I mentioned in the introduction, I picked it up for another project, and really enjoyed the experience. Its configuration could not be easier – the connection string is literally a path and file name – and it had good performance as well. The way it locks its database file, I can copy it while the application is up, which is great for backups. It was definitely a good choice for this project.

The Domain Model

When I converted from PostgreSQL to RavenDB, the data structure ended up with one document per request; the history log and notes were stored as F# lists (arrays in JSON) within that single document. RavenDB supports indexes which can hold calculated values, so I had made an index that had the latest request text, and the latest time an action was taken on a request. When v2 displayed any list of requests, I queried the index, and got the calculated fields for free.

The model for v3 is very similar.

/// Request is the identifying record for a prayer request
[<CLIMutable; NoComparison; NoEquality>]
type Request = {
  /// The ID of the request
  id           : RequestId
  /// The time this request was initially entered
  enteredOn    : Instant
  /// The ID of the user to whom this request belongs ("sub" from the JWT)
  userId       : UserId
  /// The time at which this request should reappear in the user's journal by manual user choice
  snoozedUntil : Instant
  /// The time at which this request should reappear in the user's journal by recurrence
  showAfter    : Instant
  /// The type of recurrence for this request
  recurType    : Recurrence
  /// How many of the recurrence intervals should occur between appearances in the journal
  recurCount   : int16
  /// The history entries for this request
  history      : History list
  /// The notes for this request
  notes        : Note list
  }

A few notes would probably be good here:

• The CLIMutable attribute allows this non-nullable record type to be null, and generates a zero-argument constructor that reflection-based processes can use to create an instance. Both of these are needed to interface with a C#-oriented data layer.
• By default, F# creates comparison and equality implementations for record types. This type, though, is a simple data transfer object, so the NoEquality and NoComparison attributes prevent these from being generated.
• Though not shown here, History has an “as-of” date/time, an action that was taken, and an optional request text field; Note has the same thing, minus the action but requiring the text field.

Customizing the POCO Mapping

If you look at the fields in the Request type above, you'll spot exactly one primitive data type (int16). Instant comes from NodaTime, but the remainder are custom types. These are POCOs, but not your typical POCOs; by tweaking the mappings, we can get a much more efficient BSON representation.

Discriminated Unions

F# supports discriminated unions (DUs), which can be used in different ways to construct a domain model in such a way that an invalid state cannot be represented (TL;DR - “make invalid states unrepresentable”). One way of doing this is via the single-case DU:

/// The identifier of a user (the "sub" part of the JWT)
type UserId =
  | UserId of string

Requests are associated with the user, via the sub field in the JWT received from Auth0. That field is a string; but, in the handler that retrieves this from the Authorization header, it is returned as UserId [sub-value]. In this way, that string cannot be confused with any other string (such as a note, or a prayer request).

Another way DUs can be used is to generate enum-like types, where each item is its own type:

/// How frequently a request should reappear after it is marked "Prayed"
type Recurrence =
  | Immediate
  | Hours
  | Days
  | Weeks

Here, these four values will refer to a recurrence, and it will take no others. This barely scratches the surface on DUs, but it should give you enough familiarity with them so that the rest of this makes sense.

For the F#-fluent - you may be asking “Why didn't he define this with Hours of int16, Days of int16, etc. instead of putting the number in Request separate from the type?” The answer is a combination of evolution – this is the way it worked in v1 – and convenience. I very well could have done it that way, and probably should at some point.

Converting These Types in myPrayerJournal v2

F# does an excellent job of transparently representing DUs, Option types, and others to F# code, while their underlying implementation is a CLR type; however, when they are serialized using traditional reflection-based serializers, the normally-transparent properties appear in the output. RavenDB (and Giraffe, when v1 was developed) uses JSON.NET for its serialization, so it was easy to write a converter for the UserId type:

/// JSON converter for user IDs
type UserIdJsonConverter () =
  inherit JsonConverter<UserId> ()
  override __.WriteJson(writer : JsonWriter, value : UserId, _ : JsonSerializer) =
    (UserId.toString >> writer.WriteValue) value
  override __.ReadJson(reader: JsonReader, _ : Type, _ : UserId, _ : bool, _ : JsonSerializer) =
    (string >> UserId) reader.Value

Without this converter, a property “x”, with a user ID value of “abc”, would be serialized as:

{ "x": { "Case": "UserId", "Value": "abc" } }

With this converter, though, the same structure would be:

{ "x": "abc" }

For a database where you are querying on a value, or a JSON-consuming front end web framework, the latter is definitely what you want.

Converting These Types in myPrayerJournal v3

With all of the above being said – LiteDB does not use JSON.NET; it uses its own custom BsonMapper class. This means that the conversions for these types would need to change. LiteDB does support creating mappings for custom types, though, so this task looked to be a simple conversion task. As I got into it, though, I realized that nearly every field I was using needed some type of conversion. So, rather than create converters for each different type, I created one for the document as a whole.

It was surprisingly straightforward, once I figured out the types! Here are the functions to convert the request type to its BSON equivalent, and back:

/// Map a request to its BSON representation
let requestToBson req : BsonValue =
  let doc = BsonDocument ()
  doc["_id"]          <- RequestId.toString req.id
  doc["enteredOn"]    <- req.enteredOn.ToUnixTimeMilliseconds ()
  doc["userId"]       <- UserId.toString req.userId
  doc["snoozedUntil"] <- req.snoozedUntil.ToUnixTimeMilliseconds ()
  doc["showAfter"]    <- req.showAfter.ToUnixTimeMilliseconds ()
  doc["recurType"]    <- Recurrence.toString req.recurType
  doc["recurCount"]   <- BsonValue req.recurCount
  doc["history"]      <- BsonArray (req.history |> List.map historyToBson |> Seq.ofList)
  doc["notes"]        <- BsonArray (req.notes   |> List.map noteToBson    |> Seq.ofList)
  upcast doc
  
/// Map a BSON document to a request
let requestFromBson (doc : BsonValue) =
  { id           = RequestId.ofString doc["_id"].AsString
    enteredOn    = Instant.FromUnixTimeMilliseconds doc["enteredOn"].AsInt64
    userId       = UserId doc["userId"].AsString
    snoozedUntil = Instant.FromUnixTimeMilliseconds doc["snoozedUntil"].AsInt64
    showAfter    = Instant.FromUnixTimeMilliseconds doc["showAfter"].AsInt64
    recurType    = Recurrence.ofString doc["recurType"].AsString
    recurCount   = int16 doc["recurCount"].AsInt32
    history      = doc["history"].AsArray |> Seq.map historyFromBson |> List.ofSeq
    notes        = doc["notes"].AsArray   |> Seq.map noteFromBson    |> List.ofSeq
    }

Each of these round-trips as the same value; line 6 (doc["userId"]) stores the string representation of the user ID, while line 19 (userId =) creates a strongly-typed UserId from the string stored in database.

The downside to this technique is that LINQ won't work; passing a UserId would look for the default serialized version, not the simplified string version. This is not a show-stopper, though, especially for such a small application as this. If I had wanted to use LINQ for queries, I would have written several type-specific converters instead.

Querying the Data

In v2, there were two different types; Request was what was stored in the database, and JournalRequest was the type that included the calculated fields included in the index. This conversion came into the application; ofRequestFull is a function that performs the calculations, and returns an item which has full history and notes, while ofRequestLite does the same thing without the history and notes lists.

With that knowledge, here is the function that retrieves the user's current journal:

/// Retrieve the user's current journal
let journalByUserId userId (db : LiteDatabase) = backgroundTask {
  let! jrnl = db.requests.Find (Query.EQ ("userId", UserId.toString userId)) |> toListAsync
  return
    jrnl
    |> Seq.map JournalRequest.ofRequestLite
    |> Seq.filter (fun it -> it.lastStatus <> Answered)
    |> Seq.sortBy (fun it -> it.asOf)
    |> List.ofSeq
  }

Line 3 contains the LiteDB query; when it is done, jrnl has the type System.Collections.Generic.List<Request>. This “list” is different than an F# list; it is a concrete, doubly-linked list. F# lists are immutable, recursive item/tail pairs, so F# views the former as a form of sequence (as it extends IEnumerable<T>). Thus, the Seq module calls in the return statement are the appropriate ones to use. They execute lazily, so filters should appear as early as possible; this reduces the number of latter transformations that may need to occur.

Looking at this example, if we were to sort first, the entire sequence would need to be sorted. Then, when we filter out the requests that are answered, we would remove items from that sequence. With sorting last, we only have to address the full sequence once, and we are sorting a (theoretically) smaller number of items. Conversely, we do have to run the map on the original sequence, as lastStatus is one of the calculated fields in the object created by ofRequestLite. Sometimes you can filter early, sometimes you cannot.

(Is this micro-optimizing? Maybe; but, in my experience, taking a few minutes to think through collection pipeline ordering is a lot easier than trying to figure out why (or where) one starts to bog down. Following good design principles isn't premature optimization, IMO.)

Getting a Database Connection

The example in the previous section has a final parameter of (db: LiteDatabase). As Giraffe sits atop ASP.NET Core, myPrayerJournal uses the traditional dependency injection (DI) container. Here is how it is configured:

/// Configure dependency injection
let services (bldr : WebApplicationBuilder) =
  // ...
  let db = new LiteDatabase (bldr.Configuration.GetConnectionString "db")
  Data.Startup.ensureDb db
  bldr.Services
    // ...
    .AddSingleton<LiteDatabase> db
  |> ignore
  // ...

The connection string comes from appsettings.json. Data.Startup.ensureDb makes sure that requests are indexed by user ID, as that is the parameter by which request lists are queried; this also registers the converter functions discussed above. LiteDB has an option to open the file for shared access or exclusive access; this implementation opens it for exclusive access, so we can register that connection as a singleton. (LiteDB handles concurrent queries itself.)

Getting the database instance out of DI is, again, a standard Giraffe technique:

/// Get the LiteDB database
let db (ctx : HttpContext) = ctx.GetService<LiteDatabase> ()

This can be called in any request handler; here is the handler that displays the journal cards:

// GET /components/journal-items
let journalItems : HttpHandler =
  requiresAuthentication Error.notAuthorized
  >=> fun next ctx -> backgroundTask {
    let  now   = now ctx
    let! jrnl  = Data.journalByUserId (userId ctx) (db ctx)
    let  shown = jrnl |> List.filter (fun it -> now > it.snoozedUntil && now > it.showAfter)
    return! renderComponent [ Views.Journal.journalItems now shown ] next ctx
    }

Making LiteDB Async

I found it curious that LiteDB's data access methods do not have async equivalents (ones that would return Task<T> instead of just T). My supposition is that this is a case of YAGNI. LiteDB maintains a log file, and makes writes to that first; then, when it's not busy, it synchronizes the log to the file it uses for its database. However, I wanted to control when that occurs, and the rest of the request/function pipelines are async, so I set about making async wrappers for the applicable function calls.

Here are the data retrieval functions:

/// Convert a sequence to a list asynchronously (used for LiteDB IO)
let toListAsync<'T> (q : 'T seq) =
  (q.ToList >> Task.FromResult) ()

/// Convert a sequence to a list asynchronously (used for LiteDB IO)
let firstAsync<'T> (q : 'T seq) =
  q.FirstOrDefault () |> Task.FromResult

/// Async wrapper around a request update
let doUpdate (db : LiteDatabase) (req : Request) =
  db.requests.Update req |> ignore
  Task.CompletedTask

And, for the log synchronization, an extension method on LiteDatabase:

/// Extensions on the LiteDatabase class
type LiteDatabase with
  // ...
  /// Async version of the checkpoint command (flushes log)
  member this.saveChanges () =
    this.Checkpoint ()
    Task.CompletedTask

None of these actually make the underlying library use async I/O; however, they do let the application's main thread yield until the I/O is done. Also, despite the saveChanges name, this is not required to save data into LiteDB; it is there once the insert or update is done (or, optionally, when the transaction is committed).

Final Thoughts

As I draft this, this paragraph is on line 280 of this post's source; the entire Data.fs file is 209 lines, including blank lines and comments. The above is a moderately long-winded explanation of what is nicely terse code. If I had used traditional C#-style POCOs, the code would likely have been shorter still. The backup of the LiteDB file is right at half the size of the equivalent RavenDB backup, so the POCO-to-BSON mapping paid off there. I'm quite pleased with the outcome of using LiteDB for this project.

Our final stop on the tour will wrap up with overall lessons learned on the project.

NOTE: This is the third post in a series; see the introduction for information on requirements and links to other posts in the series.

Many modern Single Page Application (SPA) frameworks include (or have plugins for) CSS transitions and effects. Combined with the speed of not having to do a full refresh, this is one of their best features. One might not think that a framework like htmx, which simply swaps out sections of the page, would have this; but if one were to think that, one would be wrong. Sadly, though, I did not utilize those aspects of htmx while I was migrating myPrayerJournal from v2 to v3; however, I will highlight the htmx way to do this in last section of this post.

myPrayerJournal v2 used a Vue plugin that provided Bootstrap v4 support; myPrayerJournal v3 uses Bootstrap v5. The main motivation I had to remain with Bootstrap was that I liked the actual appearance, and I know how it works. The majority of my “learning” on this project dealt with htmx; I did not want to add a UI redesign to the mix. Before we jump into the implementation, let me briefly explain the framework.

About Bootstrap

Bootstrap was originally called Twitter Bootstrap; it was the CSS framework that Twitter developed in their early iterations. It was, by far, the most popular framework at the time, and it was innovative in its grid layout system. Long before there was browser support for the styles that make layouts much easier to develop, and more responsive to differing screen sizes, Bootstrap's grid layout and size breakpoints made it easy to build a website that worked for desktop, tablet, or phone. Of course, there is a limit to what you can do with styling, so Bootstrap also has a JavaScript library that augments these styles, enabling the interactivity to which the modern web user is accustomed.

Version 5 of Bootstrap continues this tradition; however, it brings in even more utility classes, and supports Flex layouts as well. It is a mature library that continues to be maintained, and the project's philosophy seems to be “just enough” - it's not going to do everything for everyone, but in the majority of cases, it has exactly what the developer needs. It is not a bloated library that needs tree-shaking to avoid a ridiculous download size.

It is, by far, the largest payload in the initial page request:

• Bootstrap - 48.6 kB (CSS is 24.8 kB; JavaScript is 23.8 kB, deferred until after render)
• htmx - 11.8 kB
• myPrayerJournal - 4.4 kB (CSS is 1.2 kB, JavaScript is 3.2 kB)

However, this gets the entire style and script, and allows us to use their layouts and interactive components. But, how do we get that interactivity from the server?

Hooking in to the htmx Request Pipeline

htmx provides several events to which an application can listen. In myPrayerJournal v3, I used htmx:afterOnLoad because I did not need the new content to be swapped in yet when the function fired. There are afterSwap and afterSettle events which will fire once those events have occurred, if you need to defer processing until those are complete.

There are two different Bootstrap script-driven components myPrayerJournal uses; let's take a look at toasts.

A Toast to Via htmx

Toasts are pop-up notifications that appear on the screen, usually for a short time, then fade out. In some cases, particularly if the toast is alerting the user to an error, it will stay on the screen until the user dismisses it, usually by clicking an “x” in the upper right-hand corner (even if the developer used a Mac!). Bootstrap provides a host of options for their toast component; for our uses, though, we will:

• Place toasts in the bottom right-hand corner;
• Allow multiple toasts to be visible at once;
• Auto-hide success toasts; require others to be dismissed manually.

There are several different aspects that make this work.

The Toaster

Just like IRL toast comes out of a toaster, our toasts need a place from which to emerge. In the prior post, I mentioned that the footer does not get reloaded when a “page” request is made. There is also an element above the footer that also remains across these requests - defined here as the “toaster” (my term, not Bootstrap's).

/// Element used to display toasts
let toaster =
  div [ _ariaLive "polite"; _ariaAtomic "true"; _id "toastHost" ] [
    div [ _class "toast-container position-absolute p-3 bottom-0 end-0"; _id "toasts" ] []
    ]

This renders two empty divs with the appropriate style attributes; toasts placed in the #toasts div will display as we want them to.

Showing the Toast

Bootstrap provides data- attributes that can make toasts appear; however, since we are creating these in script, we need to use their JavaScript functions. The message coming from the server has the format TYPE|||The message. Let's look at the showToast function (the largest custom JavaScript function in the entire application):

const mpj = {
  // ...
  showToast (message) {
    const [level, msg] = message.split("|||")
  
    let header
    if (level !== "success") {
      const heading = typ => `<span class="me-auto"><strong>${typ.toUpperCase()}</strong></span>`
    
      header = document.createElement("div")
      header.className = "toast-header"
      header.innerHTML = heading(level === "warning" ? level : "error")
    
      const close = document.createElement("button")
      close.type = "button"
      close.className = "btn-close"
      close.setAttribute("data-bs-dismiss", "toast")
      close.setAttribute("aria-label", "Close")
      header.appendChild(close)
    }

    const body = document.createElement("div")
    body.className = "toast-body"
    body.innerText = msg
  
    const toastEl = document.createElement("div")
    toastEl.className = `toast bg-${level === "error" ? "danger" : level} text-white`
    toastEl.setAttribute("role", "alert")
    toastEl.setAttribute("aria-live", "assertlive")
    toastEl.setAttribute("aria-atomic", "true")
    toastEl.addEventListener("hidden.bs.toast", e => e.target.remove())
    if (header) toastEl.appendChild(header)
  
    toastEl.appendChild(body)
    document.getElementById("toasts").appendChild(toastEl)
    new bootstrap.Toast(toastEl, { autohide: level === "success" }).show()
  },
  // ...
}

Here's what's going on in the code above:

• Line 4 splits the level from the message
• Lines 6-20 (let header) create a header and close button if the message is not a success
• Lines 22-24 (const body) create the body div with attributes Bootstrap's styling expects
• Lines 26-30 (const toastEl) create the div that will contain the toast
• Line 31 adds an event handler to remove the element from the DOM once the toast is hidden
• Lines 32 and 34 add the optional header and mandatory body to the toast div
• Line 35 adds the toast to the page (within the toasts inner div defined above)
• Line 36 initializes the Bootstrap JavaScript component, auto-hiding on success, and shows the toast

(If you've never used JavaScript to create elements that are added to an HTML document, this probably looks weird and verbose; if you have, you look at it and think "well, they're not wrong…")

So, we have our toaster, we know how to put bread notifications in it - but how do we get the notifications from the server?

Receiving the Toast

The code to handle this is part of the htmx:afterOnLoad handler:

htmx.on("htmx:afterOnLoad", function (evt) {
  const hdrs = evt.detail.xhr.getAllResponseHeaders()
  // Show a message if there was one in the response
  if (hdrs.indexOf("x-toast") >= 0) {
    mpj.showToast(evt.detail.xhr.getResponseHeader("x-toast"))
  }
  // ...
})

This looks for a custom HTTP header of X-Toast (all headers are lowercase from that xhr call), and if it's found, we pass the value of that header to the function above. This check occurs after every htmx network request, so there is nothing special to configure; “page” requests are not the only requests capable of returning a toast notification.

There is one more part; how does the toast get to the browser?

Sending the Toast

The last paragraph gave it away; we set a header on the response. This seems straightforward, and is in most cases; but once again, POST-Redirect-GET (P-R-G) complicates things. Here are the final two lines of the successful path of the request update handler:

Messages.pushSuccess ctx "Prayer request updated successfully" nextUrl
return! seeOther nextUrl next ctx

If we set a message in the response header, then redirect (remember that XMLHttpRequest handles redirects silently), the header gets lost in the redirect. Here, Messages.pushSuccess places the success message (and return URL) in a dictionary, indexed by the user's ID. Within the function that renders every result (partial, “page”-like, or full results), this dictionary is checked for a message and URL, and if one exists, it includes it. (If it is returned to the function below, it has already been removed from the dictionary.)

/// Send a partial result if this is not a full page load (does not append no-cache headers)
let partialStatic (pageTitle : string) content : HttpHandler =
  fun next ctx -> backgroundTask {
    let  isPartial = ctx.Request.IsHtmx && not ctx.Request.IsHtmxRefresh
    let! pageCtx   = pageContext ctx pageTitle content
    let  view      = (match isPartial with true -> partial | false -> view) pageCtx
    return! 
      (next, ctx)
      ||> match user ctx with
          | Some u ->
              match Messages.pop u with
              | Some (msg, url) -> setHttpHeader "X-Toast" msg >=> withHxPush url >=> writeView view
              | None -> writeView view
          | None -> writeView view
    }

A quick overview of this function:

• Line 4 determines if this an htmx boosted request (a “page”-like requests)
• Line 5 creates a rendering context for the page
• Line 6 renders the view to a string, calling partial or view with the page rendering context
• Lines 10-13 are only executed if a user is logged on, and line 12 is the one that appends a message and a new URL

A quick note about line 12: the >=> operator joins Giraffe HttpHandlers together. An HttpHandler takes an HttpContext and the next function to be executed, and returns a Task<HttpContext option> (an asynchronous call that may or may not return a context). If there is no context returned, the chain stops; the function can also return an altered context. It is good practice for an HttpHandler to make a single change to the context; this keeps them simple, and allows them to be plugged in however the developer desires. Thus, the setHttpHeader call adds the X-Toast header, the withHxPush call adds the HX-Push header, and the writeView call sets the response body to the rendered view.

The new URL part does not actually make the browser do anything; it simply pushes the given URL onto the browser's history stack. Technically, the browser receives the content from the P-R-G as the response to its POST; as we're replacing the current page, though, we need to make sure the URL stays in sync.

Of note is that not all toasts are this complex. For example, the “cancel snooze” handler return looks like this:

return! (withSuccessMessage "Request unsnoozed" >=> Components.requestItem requestId) next ctx

...while the withSuccessMessage handler is:

/// Add a success message header to the response
let withSuccessMessage : string -> HttpHandler =
  sprintf "success|||%s" >> setHttpHeader "X-Toast"

No dictionary, no redirect, just a single response that will show a toast.

You made it - the toast section is toast! There is one more interesting interaction, though; that of the modal dialog.

Modal Dialogs

Bootstrap's implementation of modal dialogs also uses JavaScript; however, for the purposes of the modals used in myPrayerJournal v3, we can use the data- attributes to show them. Here is the view for a modal dialog that allows the user to snooze a request (hiding it from the active list until the specified date); this is rendered a single time on the journal view page:

div [
  _id             "snoozeModal"
  _class          "modal fade"
  _tabindex       "-1"
  _ariaLabelledBy "snoozeModalLabel"
  _ariaHidden     "true"
  ] [
  div [ _class "modal-dialog modal-sm" ] [
    div [ _class "modal-content" ] [
      div [ _class "modal-header" ] [
        h5 [ _class "modal-title"; _id "snoozeModalLabel" ] [ str "Snooze Prayer Request" ]
        button [ _type "button"; _class "btn-close"; _data "bs-dismiss" "modal"; _ariaLabel "Close" ] []
        ]
      div [ _class "modal-body"; _id "snoozeBody" ] [ ]
      div [ _class "modal-footer" ] [
        button [ _type "button"; _id "snoozeDismiss"; _class "btn btn-secondary"; _data "bs-dismiss" "modal" ] [
          str "Close"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]

Notice that #snoozeBody is empty; we fill that when the user clicks the snooze icon:

button [
  _type     "button"
  _class    "btn btn-secondary"
  _title    "Snooze Request"
  _data     "bs-toggle" "modal"
  _data     "bs-target" "#snoozeModal"
  _hxGet    $"/components/request/{reqId}/snooze"
  _hxTarget "#snoozeBody"
  _hxSwap   HxSwap.InnerHtml
  ] [ icon "schedule" ]

This uses data-bs-toggle and data-bs-target, Bootstrap attributes, to show the modal. It also uses hx-get to load the snooze form for that particular request, with hx-target targeting the #snoozeBody div from the modal definition. Here is how that form is defined:

/// The snooze edit form
let snooze requestId =
  let today = System.DateTime.Today.ToString "yyyy-MM-dd"
  form [
    _hxPatch  $"/request/{RequestId.toString requestId}/snooze"
    _hxTarget "#journalItems"
    _hxSwap   HxSwap.OuterHtml
    ] [
    div [ _class "form-floating pb-3" ] [
      input [ _type "date"; _id "until"; _name "until"; _class "form-control"; _min today; _required ]
      label [ _for "until" ] [ str "Until" ]
      ]
    p [ _class "text-end mb-0" ] [ button [ _type "submit"; _class "btn btn-primary" ] [ str "Snooze" ] ]
    ]

Here, the form uses hx-patch to submit the data to the snooze endpoint. The target for the response, though, is #journalItems; this is the element that holds all of the prayer request cards. Snoozing a request will remove it from the active list, so the list needs to be refreshed; this will make that happen.

Look back at the modal definition; at the bottom, there is a “Close” button. We will use this to dismiss the modal once the update succeeds. In the Giraffe handler to snooze a request, here is its return statement:

return!
  (withSuccessMessage $"Request snoozed until {until.until}"
  >=> hideModal "snooze"
  >=> Components.journalItems) next ctx

Notice that hideModal handler?

/// Hide a modal window when the response is sent
let hideModal (name : string) : HttpHandler =
  setHttpHeader "X-Hide-Modal" name

Yes, it's another HTTP header! One can certainly get carried away with custom HTTP headers, but their very existence is to communicate with the client (browser) outside of the visible content of the page. Here, we're passing the name “snooze” to this header; in our htmx:afterOnLoad handler, we'll consume this header:

htmx.on("htmx:afterOnLoad", function (evt) {
  const hdrs = evt.detail.xhr.getAllResponseHeaders()
  // ...
  // Hide a modal window if requested
  if (hdrs.indexOf("x-hide-modal") >= 0) {
    document.getElementById(evt.detail.xhr.getResponseHeader("x-hide-modal") + "Dismiss").click()
  }
})

The “Close” button on our modal was given the id of snoozeDismiss; this mimics the user clicking the button, which Bootstrap's data- attributes handle from there. Of all the design choices and implementations I did in this conversion, this part strikes me as the most "hack"y. However, I did try to hook into the Bootstrap modal itself, and hide it via script; however, it didn't like initializing a modal a second time, and I could not get a reference to it from the htmx:afterOnLoad handler. Clicking the button works, though, even when it's done from script.

CSS Transitions in htmx

This post has already gotten much longer than I had planned, but I wanted to make sure I covered this.

• When htmx requests are in flight, the framework makes it easy to show indicators.
• I mentioned swapping and settling when discussing the events htmx exposes. The way this is done, CSS transitions will render as expected. They have a host of examples to spark your imagination.

As I was keeping the UI the same, I did not end up using these options; however, their presence demonstrates that htmx is a true batteries-included SPA framework.

Up next, we'll step away from the front end and dig into LiteDB.

NOTE: This is the second post in a series; see the introduction for information on requirements and links to other posts in the series.

If you are a seasoned Single Page Application (SPA) framework developer, you likely think about interactivity in a particular way. Initially, I focused on replacing each interactive piece in isolation. In the end, though, requests for “pages” returned almost everything but the HTML head info and the displayed footer - and I was happy about it. Keep that in mind as I walk you down the path I have already traveled; keep an open mind, and read to the end before forming strong opinions either way.

The $.05 Tour of Pug and Giraffe View Engine

Understanding the syntax of both Pug and Giraffe View Engine will help you if you click any of the source code example links. While a complete explanation of these two templating languages would make this long post much longer than it already is, here are some short examples of their syntax. Using a string variable who with the contents “World”, we will show both languages rendering:

<p id="example" class="greeting">Hello <strong>World</strong></p>

myPrayerJournal v2 used Pug templates in Vue to render the user interface. Pug uses indentation-sensitive tag/content pairs (or blocks), with JavaScript syntax for attributes, to generate HTML. To generate the example paragraph, the shortest template would look like:

p.greeting(id="example") Hello #[strong= who]

myPrayerJournal v3 uses Giraffe View Engine, which uses F# lists to generate HTML from a very HTML-looking domain-specific language (DSL). The example paragraph would be generated with:

p [ _id "example"; _class "greeting" ] [ str "Hello "; strong [] [ who ] ]

Given those examples, let's dig into the conversion.

The Menu

The menu across the top of the application was one of the first items I needed to convert. The menu needs to be different, depending on whether there is a user logged on or not. Also, if a user is logged on, the menu can still be different; the “Snoozed” menu item only appears if the user has any snoozed requests. The application uses Auth0 to manage users (which is how it is open to Microsoft and Google accounts), and I wanted to preserve this; my requests are tied to the ID provided by Auth0, so that did not need to change.

In the Vue version, the system used Auth0's SPA library that exposed whether there was a user logged on or not. Also, once a user was logged on, the API sent all the user's active requests, which included snoozed requests; once this API call returned, the application can turn on the “Snoozed” menu item. In the htmx version, though, this information is all generated on the server. My initial process was to use an hx-get to get the menu HTML snippet, using an hx-trigger of load to fill in this spot of the page when the page was loaded. I also (initially) implemented a custom HTML header to include in responses, and if that header was found, I would trigger a refresh on the menu; the eventual solution included the navbar in “page” refreshes.

(See the Vue “Navigation” component that became the Giraffe View Engine “navbar” function)

“New Page” in htmx

This leads directly into a discussion of how myPrayerJournal is still considered a SPA. In the Vue version, “pages” were Vue Single-File Components (SFCs) under the /components directory. (In the years since myPrayerJournal v1, the default Vue template has changed to place these SFCs under /views, while /components is reserved for shared components.) These view components rendered into a custom component within the main tag (using Vue router's router-view tag), while the nav component was reactive, based on the user logging on/off and snoozing requests.

In myPrayerJournal v3, “page” views target the #top section element. If the request is for a full page load, the HTML head content is rendered, as is the body's footer content; none of these change until a new version of the application is released. If the request is an htmx request, though, the only thing rendered is a new #top section, which includes the navigation bar and the page content. While this does approach a full “page load”, there are some key differences:

• The page contents are refreshed based on one HTTP request (no extra request or processing required for the navbar);
• The HTML head content is responsible for most of the large HTTP requests, such as those for JavaScript libraries (and is excluded from non-full-page views);
• The page footer is not included.

Note the difference between the full view layout and the partial layout. Also, within the application's request handlers, there is a partial return function that determines whether this is an htmx-initiated page view request (in which case a partial view is returned) or a full page request (which returns the entire template).

Updating the Page Title

One of the most unexpectedly-vexing parts of a SPA is determining how the browser's title bar will be updated when navigation occurs. (I understand why it's challenging; what I do not understand is why it took major frameworks so long to devise a built-in way of handling this.) Coming from that world, I had originally implemented yet another custom header, pushing the title from the server, and used a request listener to update the title if the header was present. As I dug in further, though, I learned that htmx will update the document title any time a request payload has an HTML title element in its head. If you look at both layouts in the preceding paragraph, you'll notice that they include a head element with a title tag. This is how easy it should be, and with htmx, this is how easy it is.

At this point, there is a pattern emerging. The thought process behind an htmx-powered website is much different than a JavaScript-based SPA framework; and, in the majority of cases, it has been less complex. Now, let me contradict what I just said.

POST-Redirect-GET

In myPrayerJournal v2, updating a prayer request followed this flow:

• Display the edit page, with the request details filled in
• When the user saved the request, return an empty 200 OK response
• Using Vue, display a notification, refresh the journal, then re-render the page where the user had been when they clicked “Edit” (there are multiple places from which requests can be edited)

While there are no redirects here, this is the classic traditional-web-application scenario where the “POST-Redirect-GET” (P-R-G) pattern is used. By using this pattern, the “Back” button on the browser still works. If you try to go back to the result of a POST request, the browser will warn you that your action will result in the data being resubmitted (not usually what you want to do). By redirecting, though, the result of a POST becomes a GET, which does not change any data. For traditional web applications, this is the user-friendliest way to handle updates.

In the htmx examples, they show an example of inline editing. This led to my first plan - change the request edit “page” to be a component, where the HTML for the displayed list was replaced by the form, and then the “Save” action returns the new HTML. This requires no P-R-G, as these actions have no effect on the “Back” button. It worked fine, but there were some things that weren't quite right:

• New requests needed their own page; I was going to have to duplicate the edit form for the “new” page, and introduce some complexity in determining how to render the results.
• Some updates required refreshing the list of requests, not just replacing the text and action buttons.

At this point, I was also starting to realize “if you think something is hard to do in htmx, you probably aren't trying to do it correctly.” So, I decided to try to replicate the “edit page” flow of v2 in v3. Creating the page was easy enough, and I was able to use the returnTo parameter in the function to both provide a “Cancel” button and redirect the user to the right place after saving. Easy, right? Well… Not quite.

htmx uses XMLHttpRequest (XHR) to send its requests, which has some interesting behavior; it follows redirects! When I submitted my form, it received the request (with htmx's HX-Request header set), and the server returned the redirect. XHR saw this, and followed it; however, it used the same method. (It was POSTing to the new URL.) The fix for this, though, was not easy to find, but easy to implement; use HTTP response code 303 (see other) instead of 307 (moved temporarily). Using this, combined with using hx-target="#top" on the form, allowed the P-R-G pattern to work successfully without double-POSTing and without a full-page refresh.

htmx Support in Giraffe and Giraffe View Engine

As I developed this, I was also building up extensions for Giraffe to handle the htmx request and response headers, as well as the attributes needed to generate htmx-aware markup from Giraffe View Engine. This project, called Giraffe.Htmx, is now published on NuGet. There are two packages; Giraffe.Htmx provides server-side support for the request and response headers, and Giraffe.ViewEngine.Htmx provides support for generating htmx attributes. I wrote about it when it was released, so I won't rehash the entire thing here.

Final UI Thoughts

htmx is much less complex than any other front-end JavaScript SPA framework I have ever used - which, for context, includes Angular, Vue, React, Ember, Aurelia, and Elm. Both in development and in production use, I cannot tell that the payloads are slightly larger; navigation is fast and smooth. Though I have yet to change anything since going live with myPrayerJournal v3, I know that maintenance will be quite straightforward (to be further explored in the conclusion post).

The UI for myPrayerJournal uses Bootstrap, a UI framework which has its own script, and htmx plays quite nicely with it. The next post in this series will describe how I interact with both Bootstrap and htmx, using modals and toasts on this “traditional” web application.

This is the first of 5 posts in this series.

• Part 0: Introduction (this post)
• Part 1: The User Interface - A look at htmx and Giraffe working together to create the web UI
• Part 2: Bootstrap Integration - A little bit of JavaScript goes a long way
• Part 3: The Data Store - Migration to and usage of LiteDB
• Part 4: Conclusion - Lessons learned and areas for improvement

Background

Around 3 years ago, I wrote an 8-part series called “A Tour of myPrayerJournal”, recounting the decisions and implementation of its initial release. Version 2 did not get its own tour, as it used a similar architecture. There were also some nagging library issues that were never resolved, leading to v2 being an overall unsatisfying step in the evolution of this application.

When Vue v3 was announced, this sounded like a great opportunity, with first-class TypeScript support and a new component syntax that promised better performance and a better developer experience. This past summer, I completed a project with the mature Vue v3 framework, and was generally pleased with the results. Just after I returned to my previously abandoned migration attempt on this project (with early Vue v3 support), I heard about htmx. With a few attributes, and a server that can handle a few HTTP headers, you can build an interactive site, with performance rivaling or exceeding that of the typical Single Page Application (SPA) - or, at this point, so they claimed.

I also picked up LiteDB on another project over the summer, and it worked well. I thought, why not give these technologies a try, and see if I would like the result?

(SPOILER ALERT: I did!)

The Requirements

Requirements for v3 were, for the most part, to update the application to Vue v3. Without rehashing the entire list (see the other intro post), the basic idea is that a prayer request is represented by a card, and this card keeps up with all changes made to it. Also, the system can present the cards that are active, arranged with the oldest action date first, and allow you to tick through the cards. (This is the flow to enable the user to "pray through their list.")

The goal is to remain a minimalist program; the focus should be on prayer, not using a website. To that end, I had envisioned a “one-at-a-time” scenario that would clear out distractions and present the cards in the same order. I had also planned to separate the “last prayed” date from the “last activity” date; currently, updating the text of a request moves it to the bottom of the stack. However, both of these improvements were deferred to v3.1; v3 restores the (adequate) functionality of v1, while being much lighter-weight.

The Tech Stack

This stack did not go through nearly as many iterations as v1.

Giraffe is a library that enables F# developers to create ASP.NET Core endpoints in a functional style. It's a mature library (v1 used Giraffe!), and continues to be improved. It also provides an optional “Giraffe View Engine,” which will get more attention in the user interface post; the views for v3 are produced via this view engine.

htmx is a JavaScript library that asks… well, several questions. Why should links and buttons be the only interactive elements? Why should you have to replace the whole page every time? What would HTML look like if it had been developed the way a typical programming language would be? It uses a small set of attributes to answer these questions differently, making interactive sites possible without writing any JavaScript. (The custom JavaScript file in v3 is 82 lines, including comments - and the majority of that is Bootstrap interaction.)

Since, in the htmx way, the web server returns rendered HTML, the requests can be a bit larger than the equivalent API calls that return JSON for a SPA framework to render. However, this is offset somewhat by the fact that the browser just has to swap that HTML fragment in; the processing is faster and much less complex.

What really swung me over the fence to giving it a shot, though, was a point Carson (the author of the library) made while talking with Carl and Richard on the .NET Rocks! podcast. Having a server render the HTML, and the browser merely displaying it, keeps your application logic on the server; the only JavaScript you need to write is what is required for the user interface. This eliminates a host of synchronization issues with SPAs and their associated APIs - duplicating shapes of data, ensuring calculations are in sync, etc. It also keeps your application logic from needing to be exposed to the public Internet; this doesn't entirely prevent exploits, but the prospective hacker doesn't start with a full copy of your code.

LiteDB could be described as SQLite for documents. Collections of Plain-Old CLR Objects (POCOs) can be stored, retrieved, searched, indexed, and deleted, all while running in the current process, and requiring no separate database server install. While it does not require any special configuration to do this, it does also provide the ability to transform these objects. This gives complete control as to how much or how little transformation you want to specify; and, as we'll see in part 3, this came in handy for this application.

Where We Go from Here

In the next post, we'll take a look at Giraffe, its View Engine, htmx, and how they all work together. The post after that will dive into the aforementioned 82 lines of JavaScript to see how we can control Bootstrap's client/browser behavior from the server. After that, we'll dig in on LiteDB, to include how we serialize some common F# constructs. Finally, we'll wrap up the series with overarching lessons learned, and other thoughts which may not fit nicely into one of the other posts.

Giraffe is a library that sits atop ASP.NET Core and allows developers to build web applications in a functional style; dotnet new giraffe is literally my starting point when I begin a new web application project. (Rather than write three more sentences filled with effusive praise, I'll just leave it at that; it's great.) It also provides a view engine (that builds upon Suave's “experimental” view engine) which uses an F# DSL to define HTML in a strongly-typed way. It has been incredibly efficient for a while, but with .NET's work over the past two releases at improving performance, and Giraffe's adoption of those techniques, it is lightning fast.

htmx is a library that brings interactivity to HTML through the use of attributes and HTTP headers. Whereas projects like Vue, Angular, and React prescribe completely different programming paradigms than traditional web development, htmx provides partial-page-swapping and progressive enhancement within straight HTML. This brings a lot of the benefits of the SPA architecture to vanilla HTML, without requiring a completely different paradigm than the one we have used on the web for 30 years. In practice, this greatly reduces the complexity required to produce an interactive web application.

The Giraffe.Htmx project provides a bridge between these two libraries. The project consists of two different NuGut packages.

• Giraffe.Htmx provides extensions to Giraffe (and its exposure of ASP.NET Core's HttpContext) that expose the request headers which htmx uses, and provides Giraffe-style HttpHandlers to set htmx's recognized response headers. The request headers are exposed as Options, and if present, are converted to the expected type. Response headers can be set in a similar way (i.e., passing true instead of "true" for a boolean header).

  let myHandler : HttpHander =
    fun next ctx ->
      match ctx.Request.HxPrompt with
      | Some prompt -> ... // do something with the text the user provided
      | None -> ... // the user provided no text (likely was not even prompted)
      ...

• Giraffe.ViewEngine.Htmx extends Giraffe's view engine with attribute functions (ex. _hxBoost equates to hx-boost="true") to generate HTML with htmx attributes. As with the headers, the values for each attribute are expected in their strongly-typed form, and the library handles the necessary string conversion. For attributes that have a defined set of values, there are also modules that provide those values; the example below demonstrates both the attributes and the HxTrigger module.

  let autoLoad =
    div [ _hxGet "/this/endpoint"; _hxTrigger HxTrigger.Load ] [ str "Loading..." ]  

Head over to the project site for NuGet links and more examples!

p.s. As of this writing, the current (and only) version of this library is at v0.9.1. Both libraries should be ready for development use. For Giraffe.ViewEngine.Htmx, I intend to write helpers for hx-headers and hx-vals that will allow a list of string * string tuples to be passed. I also need to write READMEs for both NuGet packages. Once those are done, this will be v1-ready.